Michigan Implicit Bias Training – 2 Contact Hours

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Health equity is a rising area of focus in the healthcare field, as renewed attention is being given to ongoing data covering discrepancies and gaps in the accessibility, expanse, and quality of healthcare delivered across racial, gender, cultural, and other groups. Yes, there are some differences in healthcare outcomes purely based on biological differences between people of different genders or races, but more evidence points to the vast majority of healthcare gaps stemming from individual and systemic biases.  

Policy change and restructuring are happening at institutional levels across the country, but this will only get us so far. In order for real change to occur and the gaps in healthcare to close, there must also be awareness and change on an individual level. Implicit, or subconscious, bias has the potential to change the way healthcare professionals deliver care in subtle but meaningful ways and must be addressed to modernize healthcare and reach true equity.  

What is Implicit Bias?

So what is implicit bias and how is it affecting the way healthcare is delivered? Simply put, implicit bias is a subconscious attitude or opinion about a person or group of people that has the potential to influence the actions and decisions taken when providing care. This differs from explicit bias, which is a conscious and controllable attitude (using racial slurs, making sexist comments, etc.). Implicit bias is something that everyone has to some capacity, whether we are fully aware of it or not and it can influence our understanding of and actions towards others. The way we are raised, our unique life experiences, and individual efforts to understand our own biases all affect the opinions and attitudes we have towards other people or groups (6). This Michigan Implicit Bias training course will increase your awareness of implicit bias in your nursing practice.

Of course, this can be both a positive or a negative thing. For example, if a patient’s loved one tells you that they are a nurse, you may immediately feel more connected to them and go above and beyond the expected care as a “professional courtesy.” This does not mean that you dislike your other patients or their loved ones, it just means that you feel more at ease in the presence of another healthcare professional and this shapes your thoughts and behaviors in a positive manner.  

However, this is a rare case. Oftentimes, implicit biases have a negative connotation and can lead to care that is not as empathetic, holistic, or high quality as it should be. Common examples of implicit bias in healthcare include:  

• Thinking elderly patients have lower cognitive or physical abilities 
• Thinking women exaggerate their pain or have too many complaints 
• Assuming patients who state they are sexually active are heterosexual  
• Thinking Black patients delay seeking preventative or acute care because they are passive about their health 
• Assuming a chatty college student is asking for ADHD evaluation because she is lazy and wants medication to make things easier 
  

On a larger, more institutional and societal level, the effects of bias create barriers such as:  

• Underrepresentation of minority races as providers: in 2018, 56.2% of physicians were white, while only 5% were Black and 5.8% Hispanic (2). 
• Crowded living conditions and food deserts for minority patients due to outdated zoning laws created during times of segregation (15). 
• Difficulty obtaining health insurance for minority or LGBTQ clients, decreasing access to healthcare (3). 
• Lack of support and acceptance for LGBTQ populations in the home, workplace, or school as well as a lack of community resources can lead to negative social and mental health outcomes. 
• Due to variations in the way disabilities are assessed, the reported prevalence of disabilities ranges from 12% to 30% of the general population (13). 

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Implications

Once you have an understanding of what implicit bias in healthcare is, you may be wondering what it looks like on a larger scale and what it means in terms of healthcare discrepancies. With each passing year, more data is released that showcases the implications and outcomes of subconscious biases in healthcare, here are a few examples: 

• Medical training and textbooks are mostly commonly centered around white patients, even though many rashes and conditions may look very different in patients with darker skin or different hair textures. This can lead to missed or delayed diagnoses and treatment for patients of color (8).  
• A 2018 survey of LGBTQ youth revealed that 80% reported that their provider assumed they were straight or did not ask otherwise (11).  
• In 2014, a post-physician appointment survey showcased that over half of gay men (56%) respondents reported that they had never been recommended for HIV screening, despite their increased risk for contraction (9).  
• A 2010 study found that women were more verbose in their encounters with physicians and felt unable to fit all of their complaints into the designated appointment time, leading to a less accurate understanding of their symptoms by their doctor (4). For centuries, any symptoms or behaviors that women displayed (largely related to mental health) that male doctors could not diagnose fell under the umbrella of “hysteria,” a condition that was not removed from the DSM until 1980 (18).  
• When treating elderly patients, providers may dismiss a treatable condition as part of aging, skip preventative screenings due to old age, or overtreat natural parts of aging as though they are a disease. Providers may be less patient, responsive, and empathetic to a patient’s concerns because they believe them to be cognitively impaired (16). 
  

Although these are only a few examples, there are obvious and substantial consequences of these biases; which is why it is vital that we address them in this Michigan Implicit Bias training course.  

Below, are just a few more examples of what the long-term effects of what implicit biases in healthcare can lead to if both institutional and personal behaviors are not addressed:  

• A 2020 study found that Black individuals over the age of 56 experience decline in memory, executive function, and global cognition at a rate much faster than white individuals. Data in this study attributes this difference to the cumulative effects of chronic high blood pressure more likely to be experienced and undertreated for Black Americans (14). 
• Lack of health insurance keeps many minority patients from seeking care at all. 25% of Hispanic people, 14% of Black people 8.5% of white people are uninsured in the U.S. This leads to a lack of preventative care and screenings, a lack of management of chronic conditions, delayed or no treatment for acute conditions, and a later diagnosis with poorer outcomes of life threatening conditions (3). 
• A 2010 study reported men and women over age 65 were equally likely to have visits with a primary care provider, but women were less likely to receive preventative care such as flu vaccines (75.4%) and cholesterol screening (87.3%) compared to men (77.3% and 88.8%, respectively) (4).  
• About 12.9% of school aged boys are diagnosed and treated for ADHD, compared to 5.6% of girls, though the actual rate of girls with the disorder is believed to be much higher (5).  
• Teenagers and young adults who are part of the LGBTQ community are 4.5 times more likely to attempt suicide than straight, cis-gender peers (10)

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Impact of Historic Racism

In addition to discrepancies in insurance status and representation in medical textbooks and among medical professionals, there is a long history of systemic racism that has created generational trauma for minority families, leading to mistrust in the healthcare system and poorer outcomes for those marginalized communities.  

Possibly one of the most infamous examples is the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. This 1932 experiment included 600 Black men, about two thirds of which had syphilis, and involved collecting blood and monitoring the progression of symptoms for research purposes in exchange for free medical exams and meals. Informed consent was not collected and participants were given no information about the study other than that they were being “treated for bad blood”, even though no treatment was actually administered. By 1943, syphilis was routinely and effectively treated with penicillin, however the men involved in the study were not offered treatment and their progressively worsening symptoms continued to be monitored and studied until 1972 when it was deemed unethical. Once the study was stopped, participants were given reparations in the form of free medical benefits for the participants and their families. The last participant of the study lived until 2004 (6).  

The “father of modern gynecology,” Dr. J. Marion Sims, is another example steeped in a complicated and racially unethical past. Though he did groundbreaking work on curing many gynecological complications of childbirth, most notably vesicovaginal fistulas, he did so by practicing on unconsenting, unanesthetized, Black enslaved women. The majority of his work was done between 1845 and 1849 when slavery was legal and these women were likely unable to refuse treatment, sometimes undergoing 20-30 surgeries while positioned on all fours and not given anything for pain. Historically his work has been criticized because he achieved so much recognition and fame through an uneven power dynamic with women who have largely remained unknown and unrecognized for their contributions to medical advancement (21).  

Another example is the story of Henrietta Lacks, a young Black mother who died of cervical cancer in 1951. During the course of her treatment, a sample of cells was collected from her cervix by Dr. Gey, a prominent cancer researcher at the time. Up until this point, cells being utilized in Dr. Gey’s lab died after just a few weeks and new cells needed to be collected from other patients. Henrietta Lacks’ cells were unique and groundbreaking in that they were thriving and multiplying in the lab, growing new cells (nearly double) every 24 hours. These highly prolific cells were nicknamed HeLa Cells and have been used for decades in the development of many medical breakthroughs, including studies involving viruses, toxins, hormones, and other treatments on cancer cells and even playing a prominent role in vaccine development. All of this may sound wonderful, but it is important to understand that Henrietta Lacks never gave permission for these cells to be collected or studied and her family did not even know they existed or were the foundation for so much medical research until 20 years after her death. There have since been lawsuits to give family members control over what the cells are used for, as well as requiring recognition of Henrietta in published studies and financial payments from companies who profited off of the use of her cells (13).  

When considering all of the above scenarios, the common theme is a lack of informed consent for Black patients and the lack of recognition for their invaluable role in society’s advancement to modern medicine. It only makes sense that these stories, and the many others that exist, have left many Black patients mistrustful of modern medicine, medical professionals, or treatments offered to them, particularly if the provider caring for them doesn’t look like them or seems dismissive or unknowledgeable about their unique concerns. Awareness that these types of events occurred and left a lasting impact on many generations of Black families is incredibly important in order for medical professionals to provide empathetic and racially sensitive care. 

Exploring Areas of Bias

Culture

Cultural competence is an essential topic to cover as healthcare professional. There are many training and informational programs that cover how various religions, ethnicities, or beliefs can be integrated into medical practices. Students and staff members are often reminded that the highest quality of care must also meet the cultural needs a client may have no matter if these beliefs or needs differ from the provider’s.  An awareness of the potential variances in care, such as dietary needs, desire for prayer or clergy members, rituals around birth or death, beliefs surrounding and even refusal for certain types of treatments, are all certainly very important for the culturally sensitive healthcare professional to have (and the distinctions far too many for the scope of this course); however, there is also a fine line between being aware of cultural similarities and stereotyping. Since this course is a required Michigan Implicit Bias training, it is essential that this topic is covered. 

Clinicians should ensure that they understand that people hold different identities, beliefs, and practices across racial, ethnic, and religious groups. Remember that just because someone looks a certain way, or identifies with a certain group, does not mean all people within that group are the same. Holding assumptions about clients of a particular race or religion, without getting to know the individual needs of a client, is a form of implicit bias and may cause a client to become uncomfortable or offended.  

Simply asking clients if they have any cultural, dietary, or spiritual needs throughout the course of their care is often the best way to learn their needs without making assumptions or stereotyping. Overall, it should be thought of as extending care beyond cultural competence and working on partnership and advocacy for a client’s unique needs.

Age

Another common factor that can subconsciously change the way healthcare professionals interact with their patients is age. This can go both ways, including treatment of clients a certain way just because they are young or because they are old.  

For minors, or children under the age of 18, nearly all healthcare decisions fall on the parents. There are very few instances where clients under the age of 18 can consent to their own treatment without a parent present and these instances vary by state and typically center around very sensitive topics like STIs. However, being unable to consent to their treatment does not mean young clients should be left out of discussion surrounding their care and they should not be assumed to be incompetent or “too young to understand” (7, 21).   

Examples of implicit bias towards pediatric patients can include things like: 

• Ignoring clients and only addressing parents when discussing presenting problems, treatment options, or procedures 
• Dismissing a client’s questions or concerns as trivial or providing blanket statements like “Don’t worry.” 
• Assuming young clients do not understand when they are seriously ill or dying so avoiding the discussion altogether 
• Labeling crying or combative clients as “difficulty” or “bratty” when they are responding in age appropriate ways to fear or pain 
• Assuming clients are too young to be engaging in risky behaviors and not asking about topics like drugs, alcohol, or sex 
• Teens may feel like they are not taken seriously and will not engage in a trusting relationship with healthcare professionals (7, 21) 

Ways to combat implicit bias about pediatric clients and provide competent care regardless of age, include:  

• Recognizing unique questions or concerns as valid and addressing clients directly to help them feel respected and included in their care 
• Utilization of Child Life Specialists or other professionals designated to help guide clients through traumatic or painful experiences by utilizing age appropriate play or communication 
• Understanding that disclosure of accurate prognosis, even if it is poor, is psychologically beneficial to young clients and their families 
• Working knowledge of developmentally appropriate behavior, especially in stressful or unfamiliar settings 
• Standardize when certain behaviors or risks are discussed using current recommendations and not personal beliefs about when a client is “old enough” for certain behaviors (7, 21) 

On the opposite spectrum, as the Baby Boomer generation ages, there is a growing number of older adults in the United States. In 2016, there 73.6 million adults over age 65, a number which is expected to grow to 77 million by 2034. As of 2016, 1 in 5 older adults reported experiencing ageism in the healthcare setting (18). As the number of older adults needing healthcare expands, the issue of ageism and implicit bias regarding age must be addressed.  

Ways in which implicit bias regarding older age is present in healthcare includes:  

• Dismissing a treatable condition as part of aging  
• Overtreating natural parts of aging as though they are a disease 
• Stereotyping or assuming the physical and cognitive abilities of a patient purely based on age 
• Providers being less patient, responsive, and empathetic to a patient’s concerns or even talking down to patients or not explaining things because they believe them to be cognitively impaired 
• Elderly patients may internalize these attitudes and seek care less often, forgo primary or preventative screenings, and have untreated fatigue, pain, depression, or anxiety  
• Signs of elder abuse may be ignored or brushed off as easy bruising from medication of being clumsy (18) 

There are many reasons why ageist attitudes in healthcare may occur, including:  

• Misconceptions and biases among staff members, particularly those that have worked with a frail older population and assume all elderly people are frail.  
• Lack of training in geriatrics and the needs and abilities of this population. 
• Standardizing screenings and treatments by age may help streamline the treatment process but can lead to stereotyping. 
• Changing this process and encouraging an individual approach may be resisted by staff and viewed as less efficient. 

In order to combat ageism and make sure healthcare is appropriately informed to provide respectful, equitable care:  

• • Healthcare professionals can adopt a person-centered approach rather than categorizing care into groups based on age. 
  • Facilities can adopt practices that are standardized regardless of age. 
  • Facilities can include anti-ageism and geriatric focused training, including training about elder abuse. 
  • Healthcare providers can work with their elderly patients to combat ageist attitudes, including internalized ones about their own abilities (18). 

Sexuality and Gender Identity

A population that is commonly affected by implicit bias, especially in regards to their healthcare, are members of the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transexual, and Queer (LGBTQ) community. There are many unique health-related risks for this population including:  

• 2-3 times increased risk of suicide in youth 
• Increased rates of homelessness 
• Decreased preventative cancer screening rates in women 
• Increased obesity rates in women 
• Increased contraction of HIV 
• Highest rates of alcohol, tobacco, and drug use across all populations 
• Increased risk of victimization and violence 
• Increased risk for mental health disorders 
• Increased rates of being underinsured (15) 

An understanding of these risk factors is important for healthcare professionals and addressing implicit biases is necessary to help close gaps in care for this population. At the root of much of the biases regarding LGBTQ clients is a lack of understanding or cultural competence when caring for people in this community. It is important for healthcare professionals to familiarize themselves with the definitions and differences in sexuality, gender identity, and the many terms within those categories in order to have a better understanding of how these factors affect the health and safety of clients.  

Basic Terminology Lesson 

Sex: A label, typically of male or female, assigned at birth, based on the genitals or chromosomes of a person. Sometimes the label is “intersex” when genitals or chromosomes do not fit into the typical categories of male and female. This is static throughout life, thought surgery or medications can attempt to alter physical characteristics related to sex.  

Gender: Gender is more nuanced than sex and is related to socially constructed expectations about appearance, behavior, characteristics based on gender. Gender identity is how a person feels about themselves internally and how this matches (or doesn’t) the sex they were assigned at birth. Gender identity is not related to who a person finds physically or sexually attractive. Gender identity is on a spectrum and does not have to be purely feminine or masculine and can also be fluid and change throughout a person's life.  

• Cis-gender: When a person identifies with the sex they were assigned at birth and feels innately feminine or masculine.  
• Transgender: When a person identifies with the opposite sex they were assigned at birth. This can lead to gender dysphoria, or feeling distressed and uncomfortable when conforming with expected gender appearances, roles, or behaviors.  
• Nonbinary: When a person does not feel innately or overwhelming feminine or masculine. A nonbinary person can identify with some aspects of both male and female genders, or reject both entirely.  

Sexual orientation: A person’s identity in relation to who they are attracted to romantically, physically, and/or sexually. This can be fluid and change over time, so do not assume a client has always or will always identify with the same sexual orientation throughout their life.  

Types of sexual orientation include: 

-Heterosexual/Straight: Being attracted to the opposite sex or gender as oneself .

-Homosexual/Gay/Lesbian: Being attracted to the same sex or gender as oneself.  

-Bisexual: Being attracted to both the same and opposite sex or gender as oneself 

-Pansexual: Being attracted to any person across the gender spectrum, including non-binary people (9) 

The above terminology is a basic overview to promote cultural competence in healthcare professionals. There are many many more specific and nuanced terms that can be used, and language surrounding these issues is ever-evolving. When in doubt, the best practice is to simply ask a client about their gender identity and sexual orientation in a non-judgemental way and ask for clarification of any terms for which you are uncertain.  

Simply not asking or having only a vague understanding of how clients identify themselves and the sort of sexual relationships they engage in can leave huge holes in their care that put them at increased risk of missed diagnoses and care opportunities. Current data highlights the shortage of competent and knowledgeable healthcare providers in regards to LGBTQ issues and a lack of training in higher education regarding this topic.  

• In a 2018 survey of LGBTQ youth, 80% reported their provider assumed they were straight and did not ask (12).  
• In 2014, over half of gay men (56%) who had been to a doctor said they had never been recommended for HIV screening (10).  
• A 2017 survey of primary care providers revealed that only 51% felt they were properly trained in LGBTQ care (24).  

Some of the risks faced by this population may not even be fully realized at this time, as there is a huge under-representation of LGBTQ people in current studies across all health related areas, meaning gaps may exist that we haven’t even recognized yet (12).  

Community social programs for LGBTQ people are also lacking despite the evidence to support their efficacy, especially for individuals who do not have acceptance and support at home, in the workplace, or at school. Building these programs to provide a place of safety and acceptance is a public health concern and could serve to improve mental and physical health of LGBTQ people everywhere (12).  

In order to improve these conditions and close the gap for LGBTQ individuals, much can be done on the community level and in medical training.  

• Community programs should be available to create safe spaces for connection and acceptance 
• Cultural competence training in medical professions needs to include LGBTQ issues 
• Data collection regarding this population needs to increase and be recognized as a medical necessity, as it is largely ignored currently (12).  

Maternal Health

One of the more obvious places that implicit bias has tainted the healthcare industry is in maternal health. Repeatedly, statistics show that Black women experience twice the infant mortality rate and nearly four times the maternal mortality rate of non-Hispanic white women during childbirth.  

Let those numbers sink in and realize that this is a crisis.  

Pregnancy and childbirth are natural processes, but they do come with inherent risks for both the mother and baby; but in a modern society, women should feel comfortable and confident in their care, not scared they won’t be treated properly or not survive. Home births among Black women are on the rise as they seek to avoid the biases of the hospital setting and maintain control over their own experiences (17).  

A few examples that showcase the hesitance a Black woman might have with birthing in a hospital setting might include a lack of health insurance leading to poorer general health before pregnancy, a lack of prenatal care, or a lack of care in the weeks following pregnancy. However, the discrepancies still exist at an alarmingly high rate even when looking at minority women with advanced education and high income, indicating that a more insidious culprit, such as implicit bias, is hugely responsible (17). In order for true change to come, this topic must be addressed in this Michigan Implicit Bias training. A few notes that indicate the prevalence of implicit bias in healthcare throughout history are listed below:  

1. Biological differences between white and black women date back to slavery, including the belief that Black women have fewer nerve endings, thicker skin, and thicker bones and therefore do not feel pain as intensely. This is an entirely false belief. Unfortunately, Black and Hispanic women statistically have their perceived pain rated lower by healthcare professionals and are offered appropriate pain management interventions less often than white peers. 
2. Complaints from minority patients that may indicate red flags for conditions such as preeclampsia or hypertension are often downplayed or ignored by healthcare professionals.  
3. Studies show healthcare professionals may believe minority patients are less capable of adhering to or understanding treatment plans and may explain their care in a condescending tone of voice not used with other patients. For example, one in five Black and Hispanic women report poor treatment during pregnancy and childbirth by healthcare staff. These patients are less likely to feel respected or like a partner in their care and may be  non-compliant in treatment recommendations due to feeling this way, however, this just perpetuates the attitudes held by the healthcare providers (17).

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Reproductive Rights

Branching off of maternal health, is reproductive justice. Biases surrounding the reproductive decisions of women may negatively impact the care they receive when seeking care for contraception or during pregnancy. While some of these inequities may be more profound for women of color, women of all races can be and are affected by biases surrounding reproduction, which is why it is being covered in this Michigan Implicit Bias training course. Examples of ways implicit bias may affect care include:  

Some healthcare professionals may believe there is a “right” time or way to become pregnant and feel pregnancy outside of those qualifiers is undesirable; this can stem from personal or religious beliefs. While healthcare staff are certainly entitled to hold these beliefs in their personal lives, if the resulting implicit biases are left unchecked, they can lead to attitudes and actions that are less compassionate when caring for their clients. Clients may feel shamed or judged during their experiences instead of having their needs addressed (7). Variables that may be perceived as unacceptable or less desirable include: 

• Age during pregnancy. Clinicians may feel differently about pregnant clients who are very young (teenagers) or even those who are in their 40s or 50s (7).  
• Marital status during pregnancy. Healthcare professionals may have beliefs that clients should be married when having children and may have bias against unmarried or single clients (7).  
• Number or spacing of pregnancies. Professionals may hold beliefs about how many pregnancies are acceptable or how far apart they should be and may hold judgment against clients with a large number of children or pregnancies occurring soon after childbirth.  
• Low income and minority women are more likely to report being counseled to limit the number of children they have, as opposed to their white peers (12).  
• Method of conception. Some healthcare professionals may have personal beliefs about how children should be conceived and may have negative opinions about pregnancies resulting from fertility treatments such as IVF or surrogacy (7). 
  

Personal or religious beliefs about contraception may also cause healthcare professionals to provide less than optimal care to clients seeking methods of birth control.

• Providers may believe young or unmarried clients should not be given access to contraception  because they do not believe they should be engaging in sexual activity (7). 
• Providers, or even some institutions such as Catholic hospitals, may withhold contraception from clients as they believe it to be immoral to prevent pregnancy. 
• Providers may push certain types or usage of contraception onto clients that they feel should limit the number of children they have, even if this does not align with the desires of the client. This includes the use of permanent contraception such as tubal ligation (12).  
• Providers may provide biased information about types of contraception available, minimizing side effects or pushing for easier, more effective types of contraception (such as IUDs), despite a client’s questions, concerns, or contraindications (12). One study showed Black and Hispanic women felt pressured to accept a certain type of contraception based on effectiveness alone, with little concern to their individual needs or reproductive goals (12). 
  

Personal or religious beliefs about pregnancy termination may impact the care provided and counsel given to pregnant clients who may wish to consider termination. Providers who disagree with abortion on a personal level may find it difficult to provide clear and unbiased information about all options available to pregnant women or may have a judgmental or uncompassionate attitude when caring for clients who desire or have had an abortion (7).

Case Study

Alexandria is a 22 year old Hispanic woman who has always wanted a big family of 3-5 children. She met her current boyfriend in college when she was 19 and became pregnant shortly afterwards. It was an uneventful pregnancy, and Alexandria had a vaginal delivery to a healthy baby girl at 39 weeks. When that child turned 2, Alexandria and her partner decided they would like to have another baby. At 38 weeks' gestation, Alexandria was at a prenatal appointment when her provider brought up her plans for contraception after the birth. The provider suggested an IUD and stated it could be placed immediately after birth, could be left in for 5 years, and would be 99% effective at preventing pregnancy. Alexandria stated she had an IUD when she was 17 and did not like some of the side effects, mostly abdominal cramping, and that she also might like to have another baby before the 5-year mark. Her doctor stated, “all birth control has side effects, and this one is the most effective. You are so young, do you really want 3 children by age 25 anyway?” 

Disability

Disabilities are emerging as an under-recognized risk factor for health disparities in recent years, and this new recognition is a welcome change as more than 18% of the U.S (15) population is considered disabled. Disabilities can be congenital or acquired and include conditions that people are born with (such as Down Syndrome, limb differences, blindness, deafness), those presenting in early childhood (Autism, language delays), mental health disorders (bipolar, schizophrenia), acquired injuries (spinal cord injuries, limb amputations, change in hearing/vision), and age related issues (dementia, mobility impairment).  

Due to variations in the way disabilities are assessed, the reported prevalence of disabilities ranges from 12% to 30% of the population (15). People with disabilities are also much more likely to experience gaps in healthcare, including receiving preventative care and screenings less often, increased engagement in unhealthy behaviors such as smoking and lack of physical exercise, and increased risk of chronic health conditions (11a). Much of the health differences between those with and without disabilities comes down to social factors like education, employment (finances), and transportation which significantly affect access to care (15), however implicit biases among healthcare professionals can also play a role including:  

• Dismissing chronic client complaints or concerns as exaggerated or not serious enough to receive a complete assessment and therefore preventing or delay disability diagnosis 
• Assuming clients who no-show for appointments simply do not care enough about their health to participate 
• Assuming clients with physical disabilities or difficulty speaking are cognitively disabled as well 
• Assuming clients with cognitive disabilities are not smart enough to be included in discussions about their care 
• Assuming clients who are unemployed or change jobs frequently are lazy or unmotivated 
• Assuming clients requesting accommodations are asking for “handouts” 

While changes at community and government levels are needed to provide the social and economic support needed to increase access to preventive and acute care for disabled people, addressing implicit biases on the individual and institutional level will also make big strides towards improving equity for these clients (15). Suggestions include:  

• Standardizing and increasing assessments for disabilities 
• Ensuring transportation to and navigation within healthcare facilities meets ADA accessibility criteria to improve client attendance at appointments 
• Increasing familiarity with individual client diagnoses and how their disability affects their ability to process information and participate in their care and adjusting care accordingly 
• Having easily accessible information about this within a client’s chart to provide continuity of care among multiple providers 
• Routine screening for common risks of disabled clients including poverty, homelessness, lack of access to internet or transportation, etc 
• Regular continuing education on effective and respectful communication techniques and accommodations when interacting with disabled clients (11a) 

How to Measure and Reduce Implicit Biases in Healthcare

Assessing for Bias

In order for change to occur, there is a broad spectrum of transitions in individual thought and policy that must occur. Evaluating for the presence, and the extent, of implicit bias is one of the first steps.  

On the individual level, possible action include:  

• Identifying and exploring one’s own implicit biases. Everyone has them and we all need to reflect upon them. This goes beyond basic cultural competence and includes a deeper understanding of how your own experiences or environment may differ from someone else and may have caused you to feel or believe a certain way.   
• Attending training or workshops provided by your job and completing exercises in self-reflection will help you better understand where your biases are and the extent to which they may be impacting your behavior or actions at work and in your personal life. 
• Reflecting on how one’s biases affect actions. Once you have recognized the internal opinions you hold, you can examine ways that those opinions may have been affecting your actions, behaviors, or attitudes towards others. Reflect on your care of patients at the end of each shift. Consider if you made assumptions about certain clients early on in their care. Think about ways those assumptions may have affected your interactions with the client. Think about if you cared for your clients in a way that you would want your own loved ones cared for.  
• If you have the time, volunteer at events or in places that will expose you to people who are different from you. Use the opportunity to learn more about others, their lived experiences, and identify how often your implicit biases may be affecting your view of others before you even get to know them.  

On an institutional level, the measurement of biases can be more streamlined and may utilize tools like surveys.  

• Monitoring patient data and assessing for any broad gaps in diagnoses, preventative care and treatment rates, as well as health outcomes across racial, ethnic, gender, and other spectrums. Recognizing gaps or problem areas and assigning task forces to evaluate further and address the underlying issues.  
• Regularly poll clients and employees of healthcare facilities to determine who might be experiencing effects of bias and when. 
• Require employee participation in implicit bias presentations or courses, allowing employees to self-identify areas where they may be biased.

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Acting to Reduce Bias

Once the presence and extent of bias has been identified, individuals can make small, consistent changes to recognize and address those biases in order to become more self-aware and intentional in their actions. Some possible ways to address and reduce implicit bias on an individual level include:  

• Educating oneself and reframing biases. In order to change patterns of thinking and subsequent behaviors that may negatively impact others, you can work on broadening your views on various topics. This can be done through reading about the experiences of others, watching informational videos or documentaries, attending speaking engagements, and just listening to the experiences of others and gaining an understanding of how their lives might be different than yours.  
• Understanding and celebrating differences. Once you can learn to see others for their differences and consider how you can adapt your care to help them achieve the best outcomes for their wellbeing, you are able to provide truly equitable care to your clients. This includes understanding differences in experiences, perceptions, cultures, languages, and realities for people different from yourself, recognizing when disparities are occurring, and advocating for change and equity.  

When enough people have recognized and addressed their own implicit biases, advocacy can extend beyond individual care of clients and reach the institutional level where change is more easily seen (though no more important than the small individual changes). One of the most effective ways to make institutional level changes is through representation of minority groups in positions of power and decision making. Simply keeping structures as they are and dictating change without any evolution from leadership is not likely to be effective in the long term. Including minority professionals in positions of leadership or on decision making panels has the most potential to make true and meaningful change for hospitals and healthcare facilities. Examples of institutional level changes include:  

• Medical schools will need to take a broader, more inclusive approach when admitting future doctors, incentivize minority students to choose careers in healthcare, and invest in their retention and success (9).  
• Properly training and integrating professionals like midwives and doulas into routine antenatal care and investing in practices like group visits and home births will give power back to minority women while still giving them safe choices during pregnancy (1).  
• Universal health insurance, basic housing regulations, access to grocery stores, and many other socio-political changes can also work towards closing the gaps in accessibility to quality healthcare and may vary by geographic location (3).  
• Community programs should be available to create safe spaces for connection and acceptance for LGBTQ people. Laws and school policy need to focus on how to prevent and react to bullying and violence against LGBTQ individuals (12). 
• Cultural competence training in medical professions needs to include LGBTQ issues and data collection regarding this population needs to increase and be recognized as a medical necessity (12). 
• Medical professionals must be trained in the history of inequality among women, particularly in regards to mental health, and proper, modern diagnostics must be used. The differences in communication styles of men and women should be taught as well (20).  
• Medical facilities should emphasize respect of a client’s views on controversial topics such as pregnancy/birth, death, and acceptance or declining of treatments even if it conflicts with a staff members’ own beliefs (14).  
• Healthcare facilities can adopt practices that are standardized regardless of age and include anti-ageism and geriatric focused training, including training about elder abuse (18). 

Obviously each geographic area will have differing demographics depending on the populations they serve. What works at one facility may not work at another. Hearing from the community is beneficial for keeping things individualized and allows facilities to gain perspective from the local groups they serve.  

• Town Hall style meetings, keeping hospital board members and employees local rather than outsourcing from travel companies (when possible), and encouraging community involvement from staff members are all great ways to keep a community centered facility and keep the lines of communication open for clients who may be having a different experience than their neighbor. 

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